Reference | Perrin.Guyomard2020 (40000)

Data related to the use of quinolones and fluoroquinolones were obtained from the report Sales Survey of Veterinary Medicinal Products Containing Antimicrobials in France – 2018 drafted by the French Agency for Veterinary Medicinal Products (ANMV) (AnsesANMV, 2019). Briefly, each year since 1999, the ANMV publishes data based on annual reporting of antimicrobial sales by the pharmaceutical companies marketing them. The data cover 100 % of authorised drugs in France. Data concerning fluoroquinolone susceptibility of C. jejuni in broilers and turkeys were obtained in the framework of European monitoring based on the EFSA report (EFSA, 2007), and on EU Commission Decision 2013/652/EU implementing Directive 2003/99/EC (European Commission, 2013).

Briefly, every year from 2010 to 2013 (broilers only), then every two years from 2014 to 2018 (broilers and turkeys), caecal samples were collected at the slaughterhouse according to a random sampling scheme representative of national production. A maximum of one C. jejuni isolate per broiler flock was included to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) by the micro-dilution method according to the EFSA recommended antimicrobial panel and concentration ranges. Percentages of non-wild type isolates were assessed using epidemiological cut-off (ECOFF) values, i.e. 0.5 mg/L for ciprofloxacin for C. jejuni. A similar scheme was implemented for indicator E. coli collected from the caecal samples of broilers, turkeys and pigs (EFSA, 2008). The ECOFF values of nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin for E. coli are 16 mg/L and 0.06 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, for comparison with results obtained for strains from diseased animals, the percentages of isolates with a ciprofloxacin MIC higher than the clinical breakpoint (i.e. > 1 mg/L) were calculated. These strains are designated here as “high-level resistant”. Data from the RESAPATH network were used for E. coli from diseased poultry and pigs (Boireau et al., 2018). This network collects, on a voluntary basis, the results obtained by French veterinary laboratories performing antimicrobial susceptibility tests requested by veterinarians on bacteria isolated in a pathological context. Susceptibility tests must be performed using the disk diffusion method (French standard NF U47- 107) according to the veterinary section of the Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology (CA-SFM) (https://www.sfmmicrobiologie.org/presentation-de-la-sfm/sections-et-groupes-detravail/comite-de-lantibiogramme/).

AST Method: Multiple Methods

Reference explicitly reports AST breakpoints: True

Reference reports using a MIC table: False